Lucy Maud Montgomery, Author of Anne of Green Gables

Better known as L. M. Montgomery, Lucy Maud Montgomery (November 30, 1874–April 24, 1942) was a Canadian author. Her most famous work by far is the Anne of Green Gables series, set in a small town on Prince Edward Island in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Montgomery’s work made her a Canadian pop culture icon, as well as a beloved author around the world. Fast Facts: Lucy Maud Montgomery Known For: Author of Anne of Green Gables seriesAlso Known As: L.M. MontgomeryBorn: November 30, 1874 in Clifton, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDied: April 24, 1942 in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSelected Works: Anne of Green Gables series, Emily of New Moon trilogy Notable Quote: We miss so much out of life if we dont love. The more we love the richer life is—even if it is only some little furry or feathery pet. (Annes House of Dreams) Early Life Lucy was an only child, born in Clifton (now New London), Prince Edward Island in 1874. Her parents were Hugh John Montgomery and Clara Woolner Macneill Montgomery. Sadly, Lucys mother Clara died of tuberculosis before Lucy turned two years old. Lucys devastated father Hugh could not handle raising Lucy on his own, so he sent her to live in Cavendish with Clara’s parents, Alexander and Lucy Woolner Macneill. A few years later, Hugh moved halfway across the country to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, where he eventually remarried and had a family. Although Lucy was surrounded by family who loved her, she didn’t always have children her own age to play with, so her imagination developed rapidly. At age six, she began her formal education at the local one-room schoolhouse. It was also around this time that she made her first forays into writing, with some poems and a journal she kept. Her first published poem, â€Å"On Cape LeForce,† was published in 1890 in The Daily Patriot, a newspaper in Charlottetown. That same year, Lucy had gone to visit her father and stepmother in Prince Albert after finishing her schooling. The news of her publication was a pick-me-up for Lucy, who was miserable after spending time with a stepmother she did not get along with. Teaching Career and Youthful Romance In 1893, Lucy attended Prince of Wales College to get her teaching license, finishing an intended two-year course in only one year. She began teaching immediately after, although she did take a one-year break, from 1895 to 1896, to study literature at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. From there, she returned to Prince Edward Island to resume her teaching career. Lucy’s life at this point was a balancing act between her teaching duties and finding time to write; she began publishing short stories in 1897 and published around 100 of them over the next decade. But from the time she was in college, she fielded romantic interest from an array of men, most of whom she found thoroughly unimpressive. One of her teachers, John Mustard, attempted to win her over, as did her friend Will Pritchard, but Lucy rejected both—Mustard for being terribly dull, and Pritchard because she only felt friendship for him (they did remain friends until his death). In 1897, Lucy, feeling that her marital prospects were dwindling, accepted the proposal of Edwin Simpson. However, she soon came to loathe Edwin, meanwhile falling madly in love with Herman Leard, who was a member of the family she boarded with when she was teaching in Lower Bedeque. Although she was strictly religious and refused premarital sex, Lucy and Leard had a brief, passionate affair that ended in 1898; he died the same year. Lucy also broke off her engagement with Simpson, declared herself to be finished with romantic love, and returned to Cavendish to help out her recently widowed grandmother. Green Gables and World War I Lucy was already a prolific writer, but it was in 1908 that she published the novel that would ensure her place in the literary pantheon: Anne of Green Gables, about the youthful adventures of a bright, curious young orphan and the charming (if occasionally gossipy) small town of Avonlea. The novel took off, gaining popularity even outside of Canada—although outside press often tried to depict Canada as a whole as a romantic, rustic country in the vein of Avonlea. Montgomery, too, was often idealized as the perfect female author: undesiring of attention and happiest in the domestic sphere, even though she herself admitted that she looked upon her writing as a true job. Lucy Maud Montgomery did, in fact, have a â€Å"domestic sphere. Despite her earlier romantic disappointments, she married Ewan Macdonald, a Presbyterian minister, in 1911. The couple moved to Ontario for Macdonald’s work. The couple were somewhat mismatched in personality, as Macdonald did not share Lucys passion for literature and history. However, Lucy believed it was her duty to make the marriage work, and the husband and wife settled into a friendship. The couple had two surviving sons, as well as one stillborn son. When World War I broke out, Lucy threw herself into the war effort wholeheartedly, believing it was a moral crusade and becoming nearly obsessed with news about the war. After the war ended, though, her troubles escalated: her husband suffered major depression, and Lucy herself was nearly killed by the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Lucy became disillusioned with the aftermath of the war and felt guilt over her own zealous support. The character of â€Å"the Piper,† a slightly sinister figure luring people, became a fixture in her later writings. During the same period, Lucy learned that her publisher, L.C. Page, had been cheating her out of her royalties for the first set of Green Gables books. After a lengthy and somewhat costly legal battle, Lucy won the case, and Page’s vindictive, abusive behavior was revealed, resulting in him losing a great deal of business. Green Gables had lost its appeal for Lucy, and she turned to other books, such as the Emily of New Moon series. Later Life and Death By 1934, Macdonald’s depression was so bad that he signed himself into a sanatorium. When he was released, however, a drug store accidentally mixed poison into his antidepressant pill; the accident nearly killed him, and he blamed Lucy, beginning a period of abuse. Macdonald’s decline coincided with Lucy’s publication of Pat of Silver Bush, a more mature and darker novel. In 1936, she returned to the Green Gables universe, publishing two more books over the next few years that filled in the gaps in Anne’s story. In June 1935, she was named to the Order of the British Empire. Lucys depression did not cease, and she became addicted to the medicines that doctors prescribed to treat it. When World War II broke out and Canada joined the war, she was anguished that the world was again plunging into war and suffering. She planned to complete another Anne of Green Gables book, The Blythes Are Quoted, but it was not published until many years later in a revised version. On April 24, 1942, Lucy Maud Montgomery was found dead in her Toronto home. Her official cause of death was coronary thrombosis, although her granddaughter suggested, years later, that she may have intentionally overdosed. Legacy Lucy Maud Montgomerys legacy has been one of creating lovable, touching, and charming novels with unique characters that remain beloved around the world. In 1943, Canada named her a National Historic Person, and there are several national historic sites preserved that are connected to her. Over the course of her life, L.M. Montgomery published 20 novels, over 500 short stories, an autobiography, and some poetry; she also edited her journals for publication. To this day, Lucy Maud Montgomery remains one of the most beloved English-language authors: someone who brought joy to millions, even when joy escaped her personally. Sources â€Å"About L. M. Montgomery.† L.M. Montgomery Institute, University of Prince Edward Island, https://www.lmmontgomery.ca/about/lmm/her-life.Heilbron, Alexandra.  Remembering Lucy Maud Montgomery. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2001.Rubio, Mary. Lucy Maud Montgomery: The Gift of Wings, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2008.Rubio, Mary, Elizabeth Waterston. Writing a Life: L.M. Montgomery. Toronto: ECW Press, 1995.

The Framers Of The United States Constitution - 769 Words

The Framers of the United States Constitution developed a government that has a systems of checks and balances. This means that no branch of the government would have absolute power over another. Each branch is independent. One particular established statutory limit to ensure the separation of powers is the selection of branch members by another branch. There is one exception to this, The President nominates judges and the Senate confirms the nominations. Sense then the correlation between the Congress and the President has been a continuing contentious relationship. There has always been a struggle between the policy makers and policy enforcers. Question today is, which branch has more power the Executive or the Legislative? Article II, and the 4 sections provides the powers of the Executive branch. â€Å"The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term† (Constitution Center). The organizational composition of Executive branch consist of the President, Vice President, and cabinet members, along with the Executive Office of the President, Independent Federal Information Center, USAGov, and FedWorld. The Framers made many powers given to the President dependent on Congressional will. The â€Å"The executive branch’s competence is action (ability to act swiftly when needed) and administration (to justly administer the lawsShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional Convention Of The Constitution Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesmet in Philadelphia to create a new government as the one under the Articles of Confederation had failed them. When drafting the Constitution, the framers wanted a Constitution that would favor freedom over equality. 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Does Higher Education Lead to Financial Success Free Essays

Does higher education lead to financial success? Some people think that people can get the financial success with a higher education. However, I believe that a higher education is not exactly accord with the financial success not only because pursuing a practical career is more crucial factor but also because all the people with higher education cannot get higher pay. To begin with, building a career is more important factor for the success than getting a high level education. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Higher Education Lead to Financial Success? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I concede that people, who have a bachelor’s degree hold better career options compared those who have high school diploma; however, in a long term, by accumulating practical knowledge, people who are not with higher education can become a successful expert faster in fields, where they want to be involved in. Moreover, as they are getting practical professional know-how and pursuing a career in a long time, they will help companies financially, and also can be moved upward quickly. Therefore, people who don’t have college degree can earn higher incomes. On top of that, college graduates cannot always get a success. Although people entrance into the university, many of them cannot find their aptitude and cannot make decision what they will do after graduation. After that, they get a job which they are not interested in even if they wander all over fields during their college years. In addition, deficiency of interest and passion for the work causes low performance and it can affect to the annual salary. On the other hand, people committing to one job tend to be content their works because they choose specific field where they eager to be involved, instead of going to college. The satisfaction and passion influence to the better performance, then people who without college degree can make larger earnings. To sum up, building actual experience is more influential to make high incomes; also, people without high education degree can get higher pay than those with higher education degree. In this regard, higher education is not always necessary for the financial success. How to cite Does Higher Education Lead to Financial Success?, Essay examples

Reforms in the Education Industry of Australia of Economics

Question: What Forms In the Education Industry of Australia of Economics? Answer: Introduction Basically, with regards to this research study, I would like to choose education sector/industry of Australia to discuss and access the reforms in this industry. Moreover, this research study would also focus and offer a detailed description about the development, trends, growth, and improvements within this sector of the nation. Additionally, this research study would also analyze the key and fundamental roles of the government as well as non-government organizations in the growth and overall success of education industry of the country. At the same time, it is also accessed that, a series of specific trends could be seen within this industry from the last five to ten years that reflects the contribution of the government of the Australia. On the other hand, the specific and dynamic development within the education sector directly helped the nation in building strong image and reputation in the front of nations of the global world. Furthermore, it is also important to know that, the re are various specific causes behind the success and developments in this industry. For case, availability of imperative and supportive educational policies, compulsory education system, positive attitude of government etc are the fundamental reasons for the success of this industry. Reforms in the Education Industry of Australia In the present time, the Australian educational industry is one of the best and profitable industries as compare to others that helped the government in generating of long term revenues. Moreover, this industry is also considered as the most attractive, and encouraging systems that motivate, and encourage trillions of national global students/learners to take a part in the system and fulfill their dreams. It is also the cheapest and cost effective systems that encourage global students to enhance their skills, ability, knowledge and education at the lower costs. For instance, the government of the Australia had developed various types of cost effective educational policies and regulations that attract local and global students for the education in the country (Australian Government. 2004). Furthermore, the administration of the nation is also developing partnerships and building relationships that encourage and give confidence to the universities, private colleges schools, and othe r educational institutions. For case, the government is also providing financial as well as non financial support and assistances to the universities and schools so that they can build and construct innovative infrastructure. Moreover, different kinds of funds are also provided by the government to the educational institutions to support them (Group of Eight Australia. 2014). Along with this, the educational policies programs developed by the administration of the nation covers a lot of tangible and intangible benefits to the learners or students. For instance, in the Australia, the primary education is compulsory and free. A wide range of benefits are also provided by the government to all the categories of students/learners so that they can fulfill their educational needs and dreams. Furthermore, the Australian government had also developed various specific programs and strategies to the students including free education schemes, scholarship schemes, educational loan facilities, scholarship schemes that create interest in the learners about the education (Eggins, 2014). Simply, it can be said that, the educational policies, rules and strategies developed by the government are cost effective, supportive, and effective and friendly that played a key role in the development and growth of the education sector of the country. On the other hand, it is also a nalyzed that, the federal government is arrange fund facilities for both the public private schools and educational organizations (World Bank Asian Development Bank. 2007). In addition to this, the education system of the country has also played a key role in enhancing the standard of living of the people of country. It means by providing education on the regular and compulsory basis, the government is generating better job opportunities for the students so that they can enjoy their future life (Graham, 2013). Moreover, the government of the nation is also working, collaborating and developing partnerships with the global companies so that they can generate employment opportunities in the nations for the students, job seeker and learners. Simply, it can be said that, the administration is working hardly to bring innovation and developments in the education systems. It is also analyzed that, the government had also invested huge money in the education systems to make it more attractive. This is the reason that, in each and every financial year, the government increase educational budget (Bonnor, Caro, 2007). Additionally, the government of Australia is also collaborating and developing relationships with the profit, non-profit, social organizations and various educational organizations in order to develop and promote a friendly and most effective educational culture and structure. It is also analyzed that, the government is changing their pricing policy in the educational sector. For instance, from the last six years, the government had reduced educational fees for the higher education that indicates the efforts made by the government to bring developments in the systems (Croucher, Marginson, Norton, Wells, 2013). Moreover, the government had also introduced several kinds of specific educational laws and rules to make education system cost effective. In addition to this, government is also providing all the types of assistances including financial support, technical support to the educational institutions of the country to promote a friendly educational culture. For example, financial a ssistance is provided by the government to the schools, colleges, and other educational institutions for the infrastructure (Australian education system. 2017). Conclusion After analyzing the reforms within the educational sector of Australia, it can be concluded that, today, Australia has one of the best educational systems as compare to other developing and developed nations. Moreover, it can also be concluded that, the government of Australia played positive roles within the educational sector. In the same way, a lot of specific and dynamic roles are played by the government to make educational systems more effective, attractive, innovative, and friendly. Finally, it can also be suggested that, in the present time, the respectable government of each and every nation must adopt specific policies and strategies to bring development in the systems. References Australian Government (2004). Retrieved From: https://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/reports/australia.pdf Australian education system (2017). Study in Australia. Retrieved From: https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-system Bonnor, C. and Caro, J. (2007). The Stupid Country: How Australia is Dismantling Public Education. USA: UNSW Press. Croucher, G., Marginson, S., Norton, A., Wells, (2013). The Dawkins Revolution: 25 Years on. USA: Melbourne University Publishing. Eggins, H. (2014). Globalization and reform in higher education. Australia: University of Michigan. Group of Eight Australia (2014). Micro-economic reform of the Australian higher education industry: Implications of the Abbott Governments Budget of 13 May 2014. Retrieved From: https://go8.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/article/edutech_presentation__4_june_2014pdf_version.pdf Graham, J. (2013). Global Education Reform Movement. Professional Voice, 9(3), 5-47. World Bank Asian Development Bank (2007). Directions in development: Human development. USA: World Bank Publications.

Womans Right To Choose Essays - Abortion, Fertility,

Woman's Right to Choose Abortion has been one of this country's most controversial topic on hand. But if one sees the constitutional infringement to women by the restriction of abortion, the torment to the unwanted child and the anguish society has to sustain,then this topic would not be so debatable. Too many people do not see the cause and effect of not being able to have abortions. All human beings are given some inalienable right guaranteed by the Constitution. One of those privilege is the right to pursue happiness. A baby can sometimes disrupt a woman's pursuit of happiness. Even if she decides to give it up for adoption, she still has the burden of carrying the fetus for nine months. Having the option to perform an abortion can solve that obstacle. Taking away this right would be invading on a woman's constitutional liberty. The unwanted child also suffers. Most of the time the mother of the unwanted child is very young and inexperienced or too poor to take care of the child. The child is usually malnourished, has no medical care, and gets very little attention or love. The foster care system isn't any better. Only a small percentage of the children are adopted by suitable parents. But the rest remain in the foster care system, where there is little or no personal care. In both cases, the child has a poor education because of the lack of attention and discipline. He grows up to be unproductive individual or a menace to society. Many get involved in drugs and crimes. These individuals are also very violent, lacking morality due small amount of care they received themselves. In the long run, not only does the child suffer but also society, who has to tolerate his violent behavior and crimes. An abortion can be seen as putting the child out of misery while he doesn't have the ability to reason or fear. In short, abortion allows a woman to retain her constitutional rights, it relieves a would be suffering child out of his distress and it establishes a safer and more peaceful society. On these grounds, abortion should be kept legal, and even encouraged to specific individuals, for benefits to all of us.

Free Essays on Birth And Beyod

Birth & Beyond of Sacramento, is a non-profit health care agency whose main focus is to provide family support services in a form of family resource centers and home visitations where a personal home visitor is recruited from the same neighborhood they serve to provide the caregiver the help he/she needs on how to give a better care for the child. Their mission is to support the caregiver in all areas such as job referral and training, how best to communicate with other parents in the neighborhood, the best way to overcome obstacles that the family might be facing, and how to better use the community resources such as transit system or comprehensive health care services. All these services are provided until the age of five of the youngest child in the family. The family resource centers offers support in budgeting, parenting groups, health, immunization, overall child development, class sessions for anybody who would like to learn Spanish, English, Hmong, or Russian, and Play and Gr ow groups which are parent/child bonding classes through arts and crafts and kid connection. In addition to the family resource centers and the home visitations, families also have the support of the team of consultants and specialists such as Nurses and Family health counselors, joined together to coordinate a full range of services for the families. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Learn-Participate/Learn_More.htm). The geographical area served by Birth & Beyond is the Sacramento County which houses nine different Family Resource Centers. Each resource center is responsible for certain zip codes areas of the Sacramento County. Many serve up-to five different zip code areas, however Meadowview Family Resource Center only serves the zip codes 95822, 95831, and 95832. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Locations/FRC_map.htm). According to Heather Blanchard, Meadowview Family Resource Center serves one hundred and thirty families, in which fifteen are Spanish speak... Free Essays on Birth And Beyod Free Essays on Birth And Beyod Birth & Beyond of Sacramento, is a non-profit health care agency whose main focus is to provide family support services in a form of family resource centers and home visitations where a personal home visitor is recruited from the same neighborhood they serve to provide the caregiver the help he/she needs on how to give a better care for the child. Their mission is to support the caregiver in all areas such as job referral and training, how best to communicate with other parents in the neighborhood, the best way to overcome obstacles that the family might be facing, and how to better use the community resources such as transit system or comprehensive health care services. All these services are provided until the age of five of the youngest child in the family. The family resource centers offers support in budgeting, parenting groups, health, immunization, overall child development, class sessions for anybody who would like to learn Spanish, English, Hmong, or Russian, and Play and Gr ow groups which are parent/child bonding classes through arts and crafts and kid connection. In addition to the family resource centers and the home visitations, families also have the support of the team of consultants and specialists such as Nurses and Family health counselors, joined together to coordinate a full range of services for the families. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Learn-Participate/Learn_More.htm). The geographical area served by Birth & Beyond is the Sacramento County which houses nine different Family Resource Centers. Each resource center is responsible for certain zip codes areas of the Sacramento County. Many serve up-to five different zip code areas, however Meadowview Family Resource Center only serves the zip codes 95822, 95831, and 95832. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Locations/FRC_map.htm). According to Heather Blanchard, Meadowview Family Resource Center serves one hundred and thirty families, in which fifteen are Spanish speak...

Competitive Dimensions of Operations and Supply Chain Strategies Assignment

Competitive Dimensions of Operations and Supply Chain Strategies - Assignment Example These factors influence the level of satisfaction between the company and the customers. The characteristics of the supply chain that influence this level of satisfaction also gives directions the strategies to be put in place. They include speed, flexibility and quality. All the structural strategies/approaches to improve the supply chain should be based on increasing the speed of flow of information and products in the market, enhance its flexibility as well as maintain a top-notch quality level. The structure of the supply chain should ensure that the product moves from one end to the other within the shortest period. All through the logistic activities, prompt information flow between departments should be smooth (Chi, 2010)On the flexibility issue, the structural designer of the supply chain should bear in mind and include alternative ‘routes’ to be used in case a problem is encountered along the primary route. For instance, in case of delays in transportation of a product to a customer may be due to mechanical challenges, are there any other alternatives that can be promptly applied? This concept also applies to information sharing. The last factor is the quality, whereby it is achieved through the combined subtotal of speed and flexibility. If an approach in the supply chain is highly flexible and ensures fast movement of products and information, then the whole chain is considered of quality (Sukati, I., Abdul H 2011). The decision on the approaches to monitoring the movement of products and information should be aimed at increasing speed and maintenance of flexibility. This way the management of a supply chain will be facilitating quality and hence meeting customers’ as well as company requirements. Sukati, I., Abdul H (2011). An investigation of the relationship between supply chain management practices and competitive

Developing leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developing leadership - Essay Example An effective leader knows how to handle members of the group. I am highly inspired by the leadership skills portrayed by these charismatic and dedicated leaders. I strive to be like them. Progress and self-improvement can only be measured by the goals and objectives an individual sets. Therefore, to develop my leadership skills, and to improve on my weaknesses, I had clear goals that I hoped to achieve by the end of the course. Character coupled with efficient complementary skills is essential for one to be an extraordinary leader (Reeves, 1991). Therefore, knowing clearly that I lack in complementary skills such as communication skills, it become a goal to be achieved. I also set to acquire the ability of evaluating the strength of team members. The skill is important as it will make it easier for me to establish the strength and weaknesses of the members. Therefore, enabling me to effectively allocate duties and seek guidance from the right person. It is one way of ensuring that the entire team participating in a project contributes practical and productive information (Zenger & Folkman, 2012). I was also hoping to be a better team player and develop the ability to think independently by the end of the course. My key competencies are in character, interpersonal skills and personal capability. After self-assessment of competencies, I have found that although I display high levels of honesty and integrity. I motivate and inspire team members to perform and knowledgeable in my tasks. I am also exceptionally good in general repair work and have led teams in social initiatives that involved renovating houses in poor neighborhoods on volunteer basis. Sadly, character and proficiency in repair works are not sufficient tools for modeling an extraordinary leader. A leader who only develops what he does well, gains only by simple incremental development

Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership Styles - Essay Example Visionary leadership has a direct impact on psychological well-being of nursing homes residents. Visionary leadership style demands the directors be assertive and persistent while dealing with nursing homes employees. Visionary leadership insists on performance and implementation of action plans. This entails having quality performance development discussions (OReilly & Caldwell, 2010). The director of nursing and social services must have a clear image of the developments that affect nursing home residents positively. Directors of nursing and social services must demonstrate professional development and delegation of assignments. For nursing homes residents to get maximum psychosocial services, employees must be empowered to work independently (Weberg, 2010). Leadership must train employees and attendants on how to develop confidence and expertise while offering psychosocial nursing services. Common instructions are vital in coaching naive nurses (Kenmore, 2008). Coaching junior nurses and attendants in nursing homes is a reflection of leadership (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2001). The director of nursing must inspire and coach other workers through excellent coordination and restructuring of work units (Laschinger & Wilk, 2009). Coaching enables nurses to work independently within their bounds. Nursing homes demands motivated and passionate experts. Commanding leadership style is characterized by control and compliancy. This style of leadership is vital in nursing homes because it motivates nurses to operate with clear guidelines and directions. This enhances the delivery of resources to the residents in the nursing homes (Kenmore, 2008). Employees are expected to obey the orders (Reynolds & Rogers, 2003). This leadership style demands that director of nursing to enquire the opinions of nursing home attendants. The style is perceived to be authoritarian, inflexible and extremely hierarchical (Morjikian & Kimball, 2007). The style is vital although it is being

Rudyard Kiplings Troubles Of The Empire English Literature Essay

Rudyard Kiplings Troubles Of The Empire English Literature Essay The White Mans burden reflects the Victorian degradation of the non-European world. Rudyard Kipling invites Americans to join the ranks of the British in imperializing the uncivilized Filipinos to rid them of troubles. The imperial nation plays a role of a father who is obligated to raise the child-like natives into becoming mature westernized adults. These Imperialists are defined throughout the poem as having idealized, saintly characteristics that are patrilineally passed through generations of whites for the purpose of imposing well-built culture to the atrocious adolescently uncultured. An altruistic, chauvinistic tone and purpose brings a shining idolization of imperialism but in doing so reveals Victorian era thoughts and sociocultural beliefs. These beliefs would not have been readily accepted as part of the modern time of the late 1800s, yet they were so deeply engrained into society that they shaped the lives of not only white men but of unrelated races of the world. These industrialized, patriarchal, racist attitudes have become so imbedded into the minds of people that it went unnoticed as to how it affected their definitive ideas of race, gender, social status, idealized characteristics, and nationalism. Kipling portrays this through constant use of figurative language to exaggerate certain ideas and relate them to the main theme of necessary colonialism. The use of a similar structure for each stanza group, alongside with the use of repetition and an unselfish tone, create a sense of order and of a powerful urgency to commit imperialism. The poem is organized in a manner that portrays order and power. He organizes each stanza into an octet. Each stanza, being eight lines long symbolizes perfection. Eight is the infinity sign sideways and represents totality and absolutism (Properties of 8). The imperialist view themselves as perfect being that have complete order and Kipling captures this by organizing his stanzas in a manner that most represents the infinite symbol. The poem is organized into an iambic trimeter and has rhythm every odd line. The unit of sound is divided into two syllables and stresses the second syllable (iambic trimester wiki). This is used to stress the importance of certain words in each line; for example: forthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦breed/ bindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦exile (Kipling, lines 1, 2). These words are stressed because they are the ones that are important for the meaning of the lines and the poem as a whole. Two words that are constantly stressed throughout the poem are White and burden (Kipling line 1). Kipling purposely does this to relay the significance of these words as they relate to his poem as a whole. They hold more meaning because of they are repeated throughout and are stress. The first and foremost obligation the audience must meet is of a racial concern. An imperialist must be white and of a westernized culture. This was an obvious requirement and seemed natural to the peoples of the 1800s; however, it served a more distinct purpose of creating a division between two peoples: the Whites, in this case the Americans, and nonwhites, particularly those who are Filipinos. This division is set up to faintly, yet effectively, create a dichotomy between the two. One expression about this dichotomy is a metaphorical representation of a father to a son. The son, who represents the natives, is an uneducated and unenlightened half-devil and half-child (Kipling, line 8). He is young and has had no exposer to a responsible, committed, and real-world lifestyle and lives in isolation from the rest of humanity and knows nothing of its complexities. Children need the care of a mature adult who is willing to search [his] manhood and take up the challenge of teaching them t o have done with childish days (Kipling, line 53, 49). This use of language creates men, not woman, as the care giver. Child rearing was done predominantly by woman during this time; however, Kipling ignores this tendency and uses a fatherly relationship. In Victorian society, men need to become fathers as a rite of passage in their masculinity (Tosh, page 79). Being a patrilinial society, the ideal child was a son; he would carry on the name and inherit the essence of the family. Children obeyed their father and if they failed to do so, the father alone punishes them; he is the enforcer. Although the actual raising of a child was done by the work of women, Kipling refers to the fatherly dominance of the household. The natives will inherit the fathers characteristics and must obey him at all times otherwise they will be punished. Kipling ignores the fact that rearing children was done by women because colonialism is about taking on the characteristics of the imperial nation. He choo ses to use the metaphor of fathers, not mothers, because men have a stronger will to conduct the task of imperialism. Without the white man to be a father to these children, they shall remain ignorant, weak, and uncultured. Kipling exaggerates this with strong word choices. For example, the natives are described as illiterate, silent, sullen people (Kipling, line 47). Kipling ignores the fact that they speak a foreign language and, instead, says they do not speak at all. This dehumanization insists that the indigenous people will remain silent unless they learn the true language of English; the only language that is in existence, the rest is gibberish. Another example of Kiplings use of strong language would be when he hints that starvation and disease will be inevitable unless they have a father to fill full [their] mouth[s] of famine and bid the sickness cease (Kipling, lines 19, 20). The natives are automatically categorized as famine and disease infested. This is used as another form of justification for colonialism. The fatherly nations of imperialism will put an end to this. The natives, being children, will remain like this unless they are taught otherwise. And since most of western society during the 1800s was patriarchal, the father was the one to do the job. Kiplings use of language makes it quite clear as to who the poem is aimed at in terms of gender. The constant repetition of sexist language is evident in the title and in every following stanza with the phrase: White Mans burden. This reappearance is meant to create a clarification of who has the privilege of colonization. More words that reflect a male audience are sons, manhood, king, and the continuous reiteration of his and man (Kipling, lines 3, 26, 53). These word choices hint heavily toward a male audience. The role of an imperial colonization was solely a mans duty and honor to complete. This reflects a sexist Victorian world where males play the dominant role (Tiffert). It was a time where women were expected to be conservative, quiet, caring, emotional, and supportive of their husbands yet reliant of them. Males, on the other hand, were brave, politically active, patriotic, socially active, and hardworking. During this time it was only fitting for men to construct colonies and be brave enough to aid the foreign sullen people (Kipling, line 7). But not just any man was fitting enough to execute such a task successfully; it had to be narrowed down to an elite few. The Victorian era was a time of many statuses and classes that divided people and made certain white males more qualified to colonize over others; The White Mans Burden captures this division in a few lines. Kipling targets parents to send forth the best ye breed and bind [their] sons to exile to serve [their] captives needs (Kipling, lines 2, 3, 4). Now first off, it is not considered an exile but a privilege because only the select few have what it takes to colonize. The word exile is used as a metaphorical representation of the foreign land. The natives live in a place that is not suitable for proper life; it would be considered an exile to the peoples of western society. Its very existence is a crime against nature. The white man must go and fix this land and its people. And second, as hinted in this quote, only the most intelligent and superlative can conduct such a challenging task of cleansing and taming the untamed. The phrase, best ye breed, not only states who the intended class is, but also creates a division among the whites themselves and says that not all can undertake in the mission of colonization. The word breed brings to mind either dogs or horses; more specifically pure breed ones. This allusion is used to represent the upper (pure breed) and lower (mixed breed) classes and puts a value on them. Pure breeds are usually worth more than mixed-breeds; therefore, the upper class has a higher value, is specialized, better developed, and more idealized (Welton). But then later in the poem Kipling seems to contradict himself when he says that this process requires the toil of serf and sweeper (Kipling, line 27). These jobs of servitude were usually held by members of the lower class during this time (Victorian Era). But, realizing how daunting the challenge of colonization is, the work of lower class men must be included. Colonization was just like any other business of the time. The rich are the bosses and the poor are the workers. The orchestrator gets all the recognition but the musicians are the actual ones to conduct the procedure. Now of course the upper class has organization skills, tenacity and many other characteristics that are vital for imperialism to be performed. Traits that Kipling so explains throughout his poem in a condescending manner. If it were not for the brainchild of the intelligent, this operation would not happen at all. Kipling really emphasizes this by choosing to only portray elements of upper class men. It is evident in his patronizing tone throughout the whole poem. For these reasons, the target of the poem can be narrowed down to the middle to upper class of society, the knights of bravery; knights who are required to fight for their birthright to honor and duty. Kipling implies the importance of this duty to colonize but explains this by using the seemingly unrelated, connotative meaning of the word burden. He repeats the phrase, take up the White Mans burden at the start of every stanza to illustrate the white man as his sole audience; it is a demand aimed directly at the reader, commanding them to take up the burden (Kipling, line 1). This burden is described throughout the poem as requiring the white man to serve the captives needs, veil the threat of terror, to fill full the mouth of famine, and the list goes on (Kipling, line 4, 11, 19). The ultimate meaning is that the conquerors are providing benefits and servitude to the conquered and nothing is mentioned about slavery, stolen political freedom, and the life toll of defeat. The burden, being of such a noble cause, can only be conducted by whites that have the proper characteristics. This is where Kiplings patronizing tone comes into play. He explains that they must show patience, be plain in their purpose, forfeit their show of pride, and be selfless (Kipling, line 10, 12, 13, 14). They must be merciful enough to end the misery of the half-deviled and half-child by filling full the mouth of Famine and making their sickness cease (Kipling, line 8, 19, 20). They must be willing to work hard and conduct the toil of serf and sweeper and not just simply rule as luxurious lazy kings (Kipling, line 26, 27). The saintly figures will never exploit the colonized but instead they bestow their heavenly touch on the people: curing their diseased, revitalizing their economy, and ending their hunger. All these noble characteristics, duties, and acts of civility are taught in western culture and are born from nationalistic passions. Nationalism is the main idea behind colonization. Kipling is explaining how nationalism can be harnessed to implore citizens to believe colonization is a necessity and that this imperialistic burden is, in fact, a natural occurrence. In this sense, nationalism can be explained by Imperialism which, in turn, can be explained in terms of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism was born in the 19th century and soon became recognized by imperialist in the same way Aristotles ideas about planetary orbit around Earth was recognized by the Roman Catholic Church (What is Social Darwinism). It was nothing but truth and could be related to almost every aspect of human interaction in one form or another including superiority of a race over others (What is Social Darwinism). Western nations, as known throughout the Victorian era, are by far the most superior beings in the world and the highest example, at this time, was Great Britain. This can be explained by their advances in science, industry, medi cine, and even quality of life as expressed through culture. Foreign races, lacking many of these same advances, naturally were less competent and weaker. But instead of letting these races die out or live horrible lives as explained by Darwin, it is more humane and noble to assist them in becoming enlightened. It is the duty of western culture to use their predictive knowledge of the troubles of these foreign races and aid them before they happen. Imperialism demands that they take advantage of this opportunity and act, not only for spoils but for honest principles. Their natural, nationalistic pride should stir up these beliefs and if they do not, they are just as inferior and ignorant as the races they are trying to help. If America does not quench its prides demands, they shall face the judgment of [their] peers who are the British (Kipling, line56). Nationalism is a justification for imperialism which Kipling harnesses, and this is why his poem is effective in convincing his au dience towards colonialism. The root of this justification is Great Britain, the homeland of Rudyard Kipling. Kipling is informing Americans on the proper way to portray their nationalistic passions. In doing so, Britain becomes the teacher; a teacher who does not wish to get embarrassed by the pupil. America needs to show maturity and responsibility in empire building. Kipling is spurring America to work hard and long and to reject the lightly proffered laurel and the easy ungrudged praise of taking the painless route to international and national recognition (Kipling, line 51, 52). It is something that is earned through progressive work with the indigenous, not something that can be easily taken from them.

Anger Management and Health Essay -- Health Anger Emotions Essays

Anger Management and Health Everybody feels anger from time to time. People have been documented feeling anger since biblical times when God was considered angry. Babies even exhibit signs that are interpreted as anger, such as crying or screaming. Anger is not in any way unique to people. Animals also have the ability to feel and express anger. In our personal lives we get angry over at least one thing on almost a daily basis, whether it be on the job, with a spouse or loved one, or perhaps with a figure of authority. Many psychologists have written about anger, discussing the relationship between anger and fear. Each of the individuals that comprise humanity possesses at least one phobia, in the same way that each is capable of possessing anger. The negativity that is associated with phobias often spills over into our feelings about anger. We begin to think negatively about anger since we associate it with fear. Plato was the first to suggest that anger was a disbalance. According to Dr. Willard Gaylin, a prominent psychologist, anger is still seen as a disbalance by many of today's psychologists. Since Plato, anger has suffered a bad reputation. We only have to imagine a domestic abuse scene to immediately condemn anger in all of its manifestations. There is a reason why anger is viewed in a negative light. Nobody likes it when someone is angry with them. We tend to avoid the wrath of those around us. This is one reason we see anger as negative. Another reason may lie closer to Plato's concept of imbalance. The negative perception of anger is evident in the American Heritage Dictionary's definitions of the word anger (1): 1. A feeling of extreme displeasure, hostility, indignation, or someone or something; rage; wrath; ire. 2. (Obsolete) Trouble; pain; affliction. To say, "I'm getting angry", is to invoke fear in another, usually, that fear originates from a perception that the utterer of the phrase is about to take some sort of dramatic action. Dr. Gaylin speaks for these emotions, rage is a response to a perceived assault that effects the body in interesting ways. Skeletal muscles are tensed; the autonomic system moves to increase the supply of adrenaline and redistribute the blood flow of the body; certain muscles are contracted and opposing ones relaxed. (2) Apparently, anger is viewed negatively for a reas... ...s easy. But to be angry at the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way - that is not so easy.† (4) Chronic anger does lead to health problems. Not everyone suffers from anger, but for those that do, it means a multitude of emotional related illnesses. Anger is often accompanied by an imbalance of hormones, as Plato recognized, and no imbalance is healthy in the long run. With consciousness and relaxation, people may be able to achieve dominance over anger, rather than allowing it to have dominance over them. Works Cited: 1 American Heritage Dictionary Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA 1985 2 Gaylin, Willard, M.D. The Anger Within: Anger in Modern Life. Simon and Schuster, New York, NY 1984 3 Internet Research: Coping with Anger, 1996 4 McKay, Rogers When Anger Hurts: Quieting the Storm Within. New Harbinger, Oakland, CA 1989 5 Bernstein and Rozen Dinosaur Brains: Dealing with all Those Impossible People at Work. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY 1989 6 Weisinger, Hendrie, M.D. Anger at Work: Learning the Art of Anger Management on the Job. William Morrow and Comapny, New York, NY 1995

Remembering My Childhood Essay

â€Å"I want to be just like you† Growing up, Sedaris had a good life. He had a loving family that supported him and made sure he was well taking care of. Sedaris’ friend, Hugh had a very difficult lifestyle. When Hugh was growing up as a child, he saw things that children should not be forced to witness. Hugh’s class took a field trip to a slaughterhouse one day, where they were treated to a pig’s execution. â€Å"†¦One of the brothers drew a pistol from his back pocket, held it against the animal’s temple, and shot the piglet, execution-style.† (Paragraph 6, page 109) At another occasion, Hugh witnesses a dead man on a telephone pole. â€Å"Unlike me, he left the theater two hours later, to find a dead man hanging from a telephone pole at the far end of the unpaved parking lot.† (Paragraph 10, page 110) Hugh was often neglected by this family and spent majority of his adolescence with surrogate parents. Hugh’s life wasn’t the not good at all but Sedaris w anted Hugh’s life. Sedaris describes why he believed his childhood was so bland in comparison to his friend Hugh’s childhood. Sedaris compared his childhood to Hugh’s childhood so much until he started to envy Hugh. Sedaris stated, â€Å"We had a collie and a house cat†¦ They had a monkey and two horses named Charlie Brown and Satan†¦ I threw stones at stop sighs†¦ Hugh threw stones at crocodiles.† (Paragraph 8, page 109) Sedaris thought throwing stones at crocodiles was really fun. He did not realize what kind of danger Hugh was really in. â€Å"No fifteen-foot python ever wandered onto my school’s basketball court†¦ I begged, I prayed nightly, but it just never happened†¦ A military coup in which forces sympathetic to colonel arrived late at night to assassinate my next-door neighbor.† (Paragraph 13, page 111) Sedaris wanted to everything Hugh had. He wanted to travel the around the Continent of Africa too. Sedaris loved Hugh’s childh ood but Hugh did not find his life to be so great. Hugh’s family had moved to Mogadishu, Somalia. Since there was not any English-speaking schools there, Hugh had to stay with a family he did not know. â€Å"Hugh was sent back to Ethiopia to live with a beer enthusiast his father had met at a cocktail party.† (Paragraph 16, page 112) While Hugh  lived with the Hoyts family, he did not feel welcomed at all. â€Å"They invited him to join them at the table, but that was as far as they extended themselves.† (Paragraph 16, page 112) Hugh was not able to celebrate his birthday nor was he able to talk to his family. â€Å"No one ever asked him when his birthday was, so when the day came, he kept it to himself†¦ There was no telephone service between Ethiopia and Somalia.† (Paragraph 16, page 112) The Hoyts had children and they missed treated Hugh every chance they could get. They would say things to Hugh for instead, â€Å"Hey that’s our sofa you’re sitting on† and â€Å"Hands off t hat ornamental stein†¦ It doesn’t belong to you.† (Paragraph 16, page 112) Hugh had a hard life growing up. His life was not what Sedaris make it to be. Although Sedaris had a better life than Hugh, he still envied Hugh’s childhood. He started to take Hugh’s childhood stories and make them his own. â€Å"Rather than surrender to my bitterness, I have learned to take satisfaction in the life that Hugh has led†¦ His stories have, over time, become my own†¦ When my own experiences fall short of the mark, I just go out and spend some of his†¦ It is with pleasure that I sometimes recall the dead man’s purpled face or the report of the handgun ringing in my ears as I studied the blood pooling beneath the dead white piglet.† (Paragraph 21, page 113) There once was a time in all of our lives where we wanted something someone else had and their lifestyle. Do we really see their struggles or are we just looking at what our eyes could see? We should not envy other people and the things they have. Some people work really hard to get the things they have today. We never know what another person had to do or go through in order to get what they have. We should be grateful to God for the things we do have.

Biology Notes

Biology Notes 19/25/09•CytoskeletonoMaintains cell shape and provides supportoGives cells mechanisms for movementoSets up tracks for motor proteins to carry things in the cello3 types of components:1. Microfilaments (7 nanometers):a. Made of proteins such as actin and myosinb. May exist as a single fiberc. May be in a bundled. May form a large networke. Important for cell contractionsf. Give the plasma membrane its shapeg. Involved with cytoplasmic streamingi. Making the cytoplasm move and not stay stagnanth. Important for formation of pseudopodsi. Allow for the movement of smaller eukaryotesi. Important for bringing things into the cellj. Important for cell divisionk. Form microvilli2. Intermediate Filaments (8-12 nanometers)a. Found in multicellular organismsb. Form rope-like assemblagesc. Stabilize cell structured. Important for resisting tensione. Form nuclear laminaf. Hold organelles and nucleus in place3. Microtubules (Up to 25 nanometers)a. Hollow cylinders, made of tubulin proteinb. Pr ovide rigid, interskeletal frameworkc. Act as a track for motor proteinsd. Motor proteins associate with tubulini.Dynein: Moves a vesicle towards the negative end (interior)ii. Kinesin: Moves a vesicle towards the positive end (periforate)e. Associated with locomotion appendagesf. Help form the cilia and flagellai.9 on outside, 2 on insideg. Important for forming centriolesi. Centriole: Center of the cell during cell division. Helps move the chromosomes during cell division.9/30/09•Cell Wall (Plant Cells)oMade of celluloseoComplex polysaccharides associated with proteinsoInsulates plasma membrane to prevent rupture==Protects against turgor pressure•Turgor Pressure: Internal pressure exerted on the cell membrane•Extracellular Matrix (ECM)oComposed of fibrous proteins (collagen, elastic fibers)==Allow for rigidnessoGlycoproteinsoIt holds cells together to form tissuesoIt contributes to the physical properties of the tissue==Connective Tissue: Cells associated with the ECMà ‚•Bone•BloodoFilters material that passes between cellsoOrients cell movement==Releases chemical signalsoEmbryonic developmentCh. 5•Cell membranes are bilayered and dynamicoDynamic: Membrane is continuously forming, it can move around, and it can fuse with other membranes•Fluid Mosaic ModeloInterior of membrane is fluid, allowing some...

How far was the limited impact of British Fascism in the 1930s due to Sir Oswald Mosleys failings and errors as a political leader Essays

How far was the limited impact of British Fascism in the 1930s due to Sir Oswald Mosleys failings and errors as a political leader Essays How far was the limited impact of British Fascism in the 1930s due to Sir Oswald Mosleys failings and errors as a political leader Essay How far was the limited impact of British Fascism in the 1930s due to Sir Oswald Mosleys failings and errors as a political leader Essay Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, undoubtedly had his flaws and failings which were, of course, a key feature in the failure of fascism in Britain. However, more important were the political and economic circumstances in Britain at the time. Unlike Germany and Italy, in which the circumstances were highly conducive to the rise of fascism, Britains political, and more importantly economic position, was such that fascism was simply unable to flourish and the BUF was unable to succeed.Sir Oswald Mosley was in many respects a brilliant man. He was, in reality, far from untalented. The historians John Stevenson and Chris Cook state that it is difficult to conceive of a fascist movement of any significance at all in Britain without Mosleys leadership, and this may well be the case. He had risen to the top of the Labour Party at a young age in a meteoric rise and by the age of 33 he was effectively in the cabinet. This was an achievement simply too great to be acco mplished by someone completely incompetent. Furthermore, he was charismatic and a fine orator (although more so prior to the creation of the BUF, when he adopted the mannerisms of Hitler), as well as being a prolific writer, writing extensively on fascist ideology. His three most notable titles were The Greater Britain, Fascism: One Hundred Questions Asked and Answered, and Tomorrow we Live- British Union Policy. In addition, he was an imaginative man, with a genuine interest in ideas. He was, in fact, no less talented than one of the leaders of a successful fascist movement. Mosley was not as talented as Hitler, who was an exceptional orator, judger of public mood and propagandist. But equally, he was no less talented than the Italian fascist leader, Mussolini.However, Mosley had his flaws which, among other factors, proved crucial in the BUFs lack of success. His character was undeniably flawed, he had a desire to be taken seriously as political leader whilst at the same time soci alising in Mayfair. A.J. P. Taylor once described him as a highly gifted playboy. As a result, he was never fully able to devote himself to a cause without becoming distracted by women or his rich friends in Venice.His second major flaw was that he was prone to making poor political judgements. Firstly, he had an appetite for violence; this was demonstrated most clearly with the Olympia meeting. On the 7th June 1934, the BUF held a large rally at Olympia. About 500 anti-fascists managed to get inside the hall. When they began heckling Oswald Mosley they were attacked by 1,000 black-shirted stewards. Several of the protesters were badly beaten by the fascists. This tasteless violence resulted in a public outcry. Lord Rothermere, proprietor of the Daily Mail (the BUFs principal backers), and author of the article Hurrah for the Blackshirts! withdrew his support of the BUF. Over the next few months membership went into decline, indicating that people were not willing to support a party as tastelessly violent as the BUF. His second poor political judgement was his imitation of continental fascism. Mosley copied several features directly from his European counterparts. For example, the name and uniform of the BUF paramilitary organisation (the Blackshirts) was copied directly from Italian fascism. From Nazi Germany, Mosley borrowed the Nazi salute.This earned him the nickname Moslini from his critics and opponents. He also had strong links with the continental fascist governments, with large amounts of funding coming from Italy and Germany. Mosley, however, failed to understand that these links and imitations made fascism appear un-British, thus damaging the prospects of the party. Another of Mosleys political misjudgements was his misunderstanding of the nature of the economic crisis. During his time in the Labour Party, Mosley emerged as the foremost advocate of economic radicalism to tackle the unemployment crisis. He presented his ideas to Ramsay Macdonald in t he form of the Mosley Memorandum but this was rejected and subsequently leaked, causing much embarrassment to Mosley. He resigned from the labour party and created the New Party, expecting to achieve spectacular support for his policies of ridding Britain of the old gang holding her back, but this support was simply not present. Mosleys also made the mistake of expecting widespread support. He expected the party to sweep to power on the basis of this support, but again, the backing was not there.Mosleys third major flaw was that his political strategy was inconsistent and not at all well thought out. This inconsistency was demonstrated by Mosleys complete change of direction from the early 1930s to the later 1930s. In the early 1930s, Mosleys strategy involved public meetings, paramilitary activity and propaganda with the intention of increasing the momentum of British fascism and creating a violent crisis from which the BUF could arise as Britains saviour. However, following the di sastrous Olympia meeting of 1934 the BUF strategy changed, placing much less emphasis on paramilitary activity and instead concentrating on electoral strategy. This complete change of direction could have been confusing to potential supporters of the BUF.More important than Mosleys flaws, however, was the economic and political context. The impact of war had a great effect on the way in which fascism rose in Europe. In Germany and Italy there was an intensely nationalistic mood. In Italy this was the case because at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles she was sideline, when initially she had been promised huge territorial gains. Italy had lost a larger proportion of the population than Britain and had been engaged in a mountain war just as horrible as the Western front. This became known as the mutilated peace. Germany had an intensely nationalistic mood due to the loss of the war and the huge losses made at Versailles. In Britain, there was no heightened sense of nationalistic feeling as Britain has won the war. There were psychological effects, but this did not take the form of nationalism because Britain was not defeated, her empire remained fully intact and in fact, her imperial position was actually strengthened, making territorial gains in the Middle East and South Africa. Externally, this made Britain look stronger than ever (although internally the empire was beginning to fall apart); Britains world influence was at a zenith.The economic factor in the failure of the BUF, rather than its leaders flaws or other external factors, was the most crucial factor. There are three main economic factors. The first was that the economic conditions in Britain were simply not severe enough to be conducive to a rise in fascist support. Undoubtedly, there was an economic crisis in Britain, however this crisis was nowhere near as severe as the European crises that occurred in which fascism was able to succeed. In Italy there was suffering during the transition from war to peace. During the bennio rosso (the two red years) there were large scale military socialist acts and chaos in the industrial cities. Germany from 1929-1933 faced massive economic collapse like never before, the crisis was out of control making the country appear ungovernable. In both cases there was genuine fear among the middle classes that their respective country was about to fall to communism. This fear was simply not present in Britain. Clearly there was a UK economic crisis, but the most severe conditions were localised. Furthermore, from 1932, the British economy began to recover. Areas such as Romford and Ilford had a huge house building boom bringing with it a sense of prosperity. There was new industry too, for example, a new car plant at Dagenham.Also, there is the fact that the BUF was founded too late. The BUF was founded in 1932, by which time the depression had already bottomed out and things were beginning to get better. In early 1932, unemployment peaked at just under three million according to official figures (although this may well be inaccurate). Therefore, the party could not take full advantage of any desperation that was present.The economic factor in the failure of fascism was the most important factor, although this has been disputed. The historian Alan Sykes argues that the political factor is the most important. He states that there was a point in the first half of the 1930s at which the British economy appeared to be in sufficient trouble to threaten social and political instability. Although in reality the situation was never as serious as Sykes suggests with safety features, such as the dole, preventing great unrest within the working class. Furthermore, he states that it was during this time that fascism achieved its peak membership, but this is wrong. By this time, the BUF had barely been created; it was in fact formed after the depression had bottomed out. The economic factor was the more important for two main reason s. Firstly, because the political factors were to some degree dependant on the economic position.Had there been a complete economic meltdown it is highly possible that the Communist Party would have gained more support. Another reason was the political culture. There was a political culture in Britain. Belief in British values of tolerance, non-violence and respect for the constitution was also dependant on the economic situation. Had the circumstances been as severe as in Germany, it is possible that the opposition to violence would have disappeared. In Germany there had also been a strong political culture, but the loathing of violence disappeared in the depths of the depression.Despite this, the political factors were nonetheless important. There were two political reasons why the BUF was unable to succeed. Firstly, in Italy and Germany there was always a fear that the country was about to fall to communism, but again, this fear was not present in Britain. The Communist Party in Britain was a negligible and inconsequential force which at its peak had less than 18000 members. In Germany there was an acute economic crisis and Nazi propaganda led to panic in the Mittelstand. Support for communism in Britain only grew during the Spanish Civil War; the economic crisis had no effect on Communist support. The Communist Party was useless at targeting the discontented whereas Labour Trade Unions were effective at doing so.Therefore, it was not plausible for Mosley to generate a Red Menace alarm. There were several features of Britain which prevented the Communist Party of Great Britain from gaining support. Firstly, if people were badly hit by the depression, public welfare was available. In 1911 the National Insurance Act had been introduced, which involved the employer, the employee and the state each putting a certain amount of money into the National Insurance fund which would grant benefits for a fixed period of time in the event of unemployment. The dole was n ot generous but it allowed people to retain a sense of self respect. It was sufficient for little more than basis subsistence but it prevented complete desperation. Public welfare in Germany and the USA was nowhere near as generous.As the unemployed did not face destitution, they were much less likely to turn to communism. Secondly, young people (often the most active supporters of extremism), moved to look for work, particularly to the South East of England to the areas in which prosperity was returning, moving from their home patches and avoiding becoming embroiled in extremist politics. Therefore, the middle classes were not worried that the country was about to fall. Also, in the worst affected areas, unemployment was no new problem. For several years, Britain had been facing structural unemployment. This is when one industrial process supersedes another due to technological changes or a permanent fall in the demand for a product causing long term unemployment. Structural unempl oyment had hit coal, iron and ship building industries particularly badly since the 1920s. The areas in which these industries had been most prominent were also the areas worst hit by the depression, the result being general apathy as they had been facing unemployment since the 1920s.Secondly, Mosley could not play the Red Peril card with the Labour Party claiming that labour where the main threat from the left. This would have been completely implausible as Labour was a moderate political party with no revolutionary feelings. It even banned Communists from the party and shunned any affiliation with militant socialists. Labour had not supported the General Strike of 1926 and during its periods in government in 1924 and 1931 it had not done anything radical at all. Also, Labour was too weak to be dangerous. The party had only advanced at the expense of the Liberals and even so, it had not advanced spectacularly. Even when there was a Labour government (1924, 1929-31) it was still a m inority. In 1931 Labour became weaker because of a split. This was catastrophic for the party as it brought their advance to a halt and they fell from office.Thirdly, there is the argument of the distinctiveness of the British national character. However, it is debatable as to how important this is as a factor. D.S Lewis suggests that it is as well to dispense at the outset with the popular myth that fascism was eliminated by the moderation and toleration of the British character, or culture. This argument can be supported by the fact that there were acts of violence in twentieth-century Britain, for example, the Tonypandy incident where there was fighting between miners and police. Although this may well be true to a certain extent, states do have a political culture and indeed Britain has its distinctive features. It is true that Britains political arrangements were the product of several hundred years of evolutionary change and the assumption at the time was that Britains politic al system worked effectively thus making people willing to stick with the system with the expectation that it would pull through.Also, both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party had very deep roots in British society and therefore could claim to be national as opposed to sectional. The Conservative Party, although having started off for the Conservative sections of the landowning class, had under Peel and Disraeli opened its doors to new social groups and from 1885 the Party was the dominant force in British politics. Also, when Baldwin was the leader of the party, he reinforced the image of moderation. Likewise, Labour was also a moderate party who even after the 1931 split was able to retain the majority of working class support ensuring that Mosley was unable to attract it.A less important point, but nonetheless a factor in the failure of fascism, was the response of the British government to the BUF. Following the Battle of Cable Street, the government passed the Public Or der Act of 1936, giving police the power to ban marches and all marches had to take place with the permission of the police. It also outlawed the wearing of paramilitary uniform in public. This knocked back Mosleys plan of marches. It showed the government was capable of robust and decisive action. This not a key cause as it came late in Fascisms life.In conclusion, although Mosleys failings and errors were a key reason for the failure of fascism in Britain, there were more important factors. Namely, the resilience of the British political system, more importantly, the economic conditions in Britain and less importantly, but a factor nonetheless, the response of the British government.

Mass human rights violations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Mass human rights violations - Essay Example The concept of human rights and its application has seen tremendous expansion at the end of the 20th century1. The Universal Declaration of Human rights is an existing phenomenon in the global forefront for almost 50 years2. Majority of the people in almost all the countries in the world conceive that human rights are associated with the attributes of optimal protection and respect. Thinking in a most elementary dimension, human right can be regarded as the right of each individual for staying in the surroundings where he or she finds every opportunity in developing, living, working, relaxing, finding out various things for themselves and also be with other people, marry people of any ethnicities, rear their children and so on3. International laws have been formulated as well as implemented on an all round and global basis so that the human rights do not get violated 4and that all the individuals are treated on an unbiased yardstick of judgment in accordance with the international la w of human rights made by the International Courts. Despite that, it has been found that even after formulation of the human rights convention there has been a wide scale violation of human rights in an around many nations of the world5. It has also been argued that individual state policies of human right violation in various countries overshadow the application of international law and thus the weaknesses of international law in providing fruitful remedies is questioned to quite a robust extent6. In this paper, the discussion will be centered on the explanation of human rights laws provided by the international courts and they will be discussed in accordance with the case studies from different countries and the analysis will be directed towards the notion that whether the international law offer effective remedy in areas where the government of a state chooses in committing mass human rights violation within their own borders. Now, the subsequent section will discuss the notion o f human rights and provision of human rights within the international legal dimension. II. Human Rights 1. Basic facts In a nutshell, the definition of human rights can be stated as â€Å"the rights of human beings to live according to their nature and with other human beings†7. In the second half of the twentieth century various international standards were formulated and they became accepted on a wide basis over various nations of the world. 2. Human rights in international law During 1993, the United Nations World conference confirmed their commitment in association with established norms of human rights8. There have been various initiatives undertaken at international, regional as well as national levels for the protection of human rights. Individuals possess the rights to bring various human rights complaints before the regional courts for addressing their issues. The victims may have their cases heard before international governmental organizations but the national cour ts are in the current scenario are applying regional as well as international human rights standards. But unfortunately, it can be stated that practices of the states throughout the second half of the 20th century have shown many several evidences of violation of human rights on a wide scale basis. The violations which have occurred has taken a massive scale and they have been brutal in nature with infringement on â€Å"the right of life, physical and mental integrity and individual freedom† 9 In 1967, the United Nations classified the violations as gross human right violations of human rights. The phenomenon of gross violation of human rights is not a recent phenomenon. Since the period of 1945, estimations state that more people have perished as a consequence of gross human violation. Empirical evidences also reveal that the phenomenon of g

Neal v. Alabama ByProducts Corporation, No.8282, 1990 Del. Ch. Lexis Article

Neal v. Alabama ByProducts Corporation, No.8282, 1990 Del. Ch. Lexis 127 (1990) Court of Chancery of Delaware - Article Example The court held that the Delaware appraisal law's comparable company analysis framework required a discounted cash flow analysis that incorporated the risk factors underlying the corporation's financial structure. As an initial matter, the court stated that the correct valuation method under Delaware law was a discounted future cash flow analysis; the more troubling issues pertained to an analysis of the assumptions regarding the inputs into the discounted future cash flow analysis. The court, consequently, engaged in a detailed analysis of these input assumptions, identifying them as "four principal areas of disagreementthe value of ABC's coal reserves, the value of ABC's investment in the VP-5 mine in Virginia, the amount of ABC's excess working capital and, finally, the EME report on the purported environmental liability at ABC's Tarrant coke plant" (28). The court's first decision was to reduce the corporation's asset value determinations to a net present value. It then changed some of input assumptions and held that the corporate assets ought to have been presented with higher asset values. Both parties stipulated to the use of a capital pricing method in order to select a discount rate; the court, however, ordered that risk factors be explicitly incorporated into this valuation model.

5 page in depth essay on any topic of criminal justice system of New

5 page in depth on any topic of criminal justice system of New York - Essay Example This paper will explore these and ultimately examine the relationship between incarceration and crime. The positive change in the prison statistics in the state of New York is attributed to the changes and reforms in the law enforcement policies of the state. The state has led reforms and innovations particularly in regard to the reformatory characteristic of its incarceration policy and its introduction of the modern parole. Reform was forced out of the policymakers because in the first half of 1990s, tightening revenues threaten the budget of correctional facilities and that the state correction facilities were then already overcrowded and still more prisoners are awaiting assignments. And so, one of the first acts as governor of the former Governor George Pataki was to loosen laws on minor repeat offenders in order to help decrease prison population and help ease the pressure on the correction system. (Clear, Cole and Reisig 15) Then the state legislature amended and relaxed the so-called Rockefeller Drug Laws, which made New York one of the strictest states when it came to polici ng drug offenders. Indeed, starting the latter half of the 1990s onwards, the prison commitments steadily dropped prompting the state to close some prison facilities and save millions of taxpayers’ money. The New York experience highlighted the requirement of effective prison policy – one that is characterized by a set of graduated options that can be tailored to specific situations. This led New York policymakers and criminal justice planners to one of its new policies - the use of a variety of alternative sentencing mechanisms, which include: residential community corrections; community service and alternatives to corrections; and, probation. (Mumpower and Ilchman 544) All these alternatives are considered to be less punitive and incapacitative than state prison, but in graduated degrees. Changes in law enforcement policies included the police making fewer

Fast Food Nation Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Nation Essay In Eric Schlossers book, Fast Food Nation, the author presents an in depth analysis of the fast food industry, from its origin of Southern California to its ubiquitous manifestation of todays culture. Schlosser argues that the fast food industry has used its political influence as a way of circumventing issues of health and working conditions, while greatly increasing profits and expansion. The intent of Schlossers book is to impact the reader to stop and consider the consequences of eating at a McDonalds or similar chain. He expands upon his ideas in a series of broad and diverse ways such as criticizing schools that received payment for Coke machines and advertisements (53). He goes on to argue in chapter 4, Success, that the expansion of the fast food industry accelerated franchising, which can be beneficial for both the company that wishes to expand and for the business oriented person who doesnt want to risk it alone. McDonalds has become a real estate giant by leasing property to franchisees which, Schlosser argues, keeps franchisees fully under the control of the corporation because the lease can be terminated. He points out what was once a step to becoming a millionaire is now at a 38. 1% failure rate (98). Schlossers view is successfully defended by his careful Pinedo 2 and precise analysis of the fast food industry, effective writing dialect, and his ability intertwine statistics with moral and sympathetic appeal. Schlossers book is written for the general population, to which he is conveying a message. One effective writing device that Schlosser uses in this chapter is appealing to the readers emotions effectively by creating a background for the individuals. The reader becomes sympathetic to the fast food workers as one learns of their daily lives. Schlossers book is written for the general population which he is trying to convey his message to. He introduces the chapter with Matthew Kabong. The reader continues to learn about Kabongs daily work routine as a Little Caesars delivery guy. He earns the minimum wage? and on a good night he makes about fifty bucks (91). He is a poverty-stricken optimist that wants to own a Radio Shack in the future as Schlosser points out. I can not help but to feel sympathetic to this young mans current situation. Schlosser intentionally builds the character of Kabong by using bits of humor such as Kabong referring to his car as his office (92). This appeals to a broad audience who have held such jobs in the past and wish for better things for this individual. Schlosser builds a connection with the reader, instead of introducing the chapter with statistics and franchising information, he builds up the chapter and then introduces his points, which is a very important tool. Shortly after in the chapter, Schlosser introduces Dave Feamster, an ex-NHL player who became a Little Caesars franchisee. We learn that a bone fracture at the base of his spine halted his career in the NHL. He vanished from the NHL without so much as Pinedo 3 a good-bye handshake (93). Feamster contacts an old friend and relative of Mike Hitch, company founder of Little Caesars. He buys a Little Caesars franchise with what little money he had left. We learn that his devotion to Little Caesars led him to a good income and a total of five Little Caesars restaurants. Again, Schlosser builds up the individuals character. In this case, Dave Feamster was shown as a NHL star, who was unfairly dropped and soon had nothing. He rose from nothing and made a new career. I sympathize with Feamster as he undergoes hardship and it builds a certain connection. Schlossers uses this connection to his advantage and is able to persuade me to listen more attentively to Schlossers message. He is able to capture the readers attention and then focus their attention subconsciously to his other points on franchising. Another effective writing tool is Schlossers in-depth information surrounding franchising and his powerful argument supported with statistics and reports. Towards the middle of the chapter after Schlosser captures our attention, we learn three-quarters of the American companies that started selling franchises in 1983 had gone out of business by 1993. He backs up this claim with William Bates, a professor of economics at Wayne State University, the franchise route to self-employment is associated with higher business failure rates and lower profits than independent business ownership (98). I am persuaded to believe through his intellectual correspondents that franchising may not be the way to go and not a sure-fire way towards money. He later points out a study conducted by the Heritage Foundation that found almost six hundred new fast food chains were launched in 1996 due to government-backed loans. He shows that according to the study the chain that benefited most from the loans was Subway, which had 109 of Pinedo 4 755 stores opened by government loans (102). In this case the reader is persuaded to believe a study that conducted by what appears to be an unbiased organization. Schlossers uses the emotions of the reader; in this case he wanted to create anger in the readers mind toward the fast food industry, particularly Subway. We are led to believe we are paying for the opening of these fast food chains with our tax money. This creates an anger and resentment towards the fast food industry. Another example shown, According to a 1995 investigation by Canadas Financial Post, Subways whole system seems ? almost as geared to selling franchises as it is to selling sandwiches. It reports that the lowest investment to open a major fast food chain is Subway at $100,000, but they also take the most royalty at 8% (100). This is a legitimate investigation shared by Schlosser to persuade the reader into seeing his view. Schlosser, in this part of the chapter, is conveying the message that the fast food giants are out only to expand and make money, and really care less about the franchisee. The general population cannot help but to take what these studies say for truth. Schlosser knows this and uses it effectively throughout the book. Another effective tool is the language incorporated in this chapter. He uses certain words to his advantage in persuading the reader to his view. For instance, when talking about Pete Lowe, Schlosser describes him as a latter-day entrepreneur, the greatest superstar salesperson of all time, who built a multinational outfit from scratch (106). Schlosser uses a persuasive dialect to influence his readers and appear as an accredited source. He says earlier in the chapter when describing the city in which Kabong and Pinedo 5 Femster work, Pueblo is the southernmost city along the Front Range? a town with steel mills that was never hip like Boulder, bustling like Denver, or aristocratic like Colorado Springs (91). Again, Schlosser aims at a certain view. He suggests to the reader that the town of Pueblo is sluggish and poverty-stricken. We follow Schlossers views as a credible source as one would not know what Pueblo was like without a prior visit. He describes the town and the people in it to complete the background of the chapter. Schlosser, later in the chapter, reinforces his views when describing poor fast food workers, these fourteen fast food workers from Pueblo can almost reach out and touch the famous people (105). Schlosser is indirectly reinforcing his earlier statement. In conclusion, Eric Schlossers book, Fast Food Nation writes an accomplished and thought-provoking book on the broad spectrum of effects the fast food industry has on todays culture. Schlossers repetition, dialect, and persuasiveness, along with his ability to appeal to the readers emotions, provide a strong and successful argument. When backed up by research studies and investigations performed on the restaurants, Schlossers argument only becomes more strengthened.

Training And Development At Pizza Hut Management Essay

Training And Development At Pizza Hut Management Essay This report is based on Pizza Hut restaurant located in West London, and will focus on the front line employees, front of house staff i.e. waiters and waitresses. This choice was particularly based on our employment experience since July 2007, and substantial internal information based on training, policies and so on. In order to determine, which extent the organisation follows good practice, learning and development i.e. strategic or business led. Company background Pizza Hut is owned by the American Group Yums Inc, which is one of the largest pizza restaurant companies in the world in terms of both the number of outlets and the percentage of market share that it holds. The company oversees more than 11,000 pizza restaurants and delivery outlets in 90 countries worldwide. (Digica 08) Britains first Pizza Hut started taking orders 30 years ago in Islington, north London, and is now the leading pizza restaurant and delivery chain in the UK. The company has over 600 outlets, including over 370 dine-in restaurants and over 170 home delivery units, and it employs almost 20,000 people in the UK. (Digica 08) Company Vision and Business strategy According to the Pizza hut student information pack (06), the vision of the company is the following; To be the most loved and trusted restaurant brand in the UK Whereas the passion is, Great People, Great Pizza, Great Times Pizza Huts vision is the desired future state and aspiration, in which the head office of the firm is seeking to focus the attention and awareness on the whole aspect of the organisation (Johnson: 09:09). So that Pizza hut to have a respected and trusted restaurant brand, such as efficient operations, good quality food and provide great value for their external customers i.e. hospitality service. The company recognises that in order to achieve their long term vision, their employees should be well managed and developed, seeing that the service levels i.e. hospitality is delivered from front line staff, in which will have overall impact on the goals of the organisation and its ability to retain customers for continuous repeat business. Pizza Hut have developed an operational strategy, which is directly linked to how component parts of the firm help deliver effectively the corporate level strategies in terms of resources, processes and people (Johnson: 09:09). For example, Pizza hut have implemented the following strategy step to achieve their overall goals: Build people capability in order to Provide come back again service with A passion for product that will Drive sales and Maximise profit Moreover, Pizza Hut recognizes that in order to reach their business aims, the following principles are important to the organization: Customer Mania Belief in People Recognition Coaching and Support Accountability Executional Excellence Positive Energy Teamwork This increased emphasis on the restaurant employees is due to the fact the company had issues with a high number of staff turnover according to Management today (1998). In which the percentage was high as 160% and resulted in extremely low employee moral. So as a result, Pizza Hut became determined to transform their staffing policy in order to, Reach sales of  £600 million Satisfy 2.6 million customers a week Reduce staff turnover to 50% (Pizza hut student information 06) Compared to other recognised competitive fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, who are using a similar strategy to Pizza Hut. For example providing career opportunities that allow their employees to develop their full potential i.e. comprehensive training programmes enables a first job employee to progress through to a senior management position through merit-based promotions. Since traditionally, it has been difficult for fast food restaurants to retain staff for long term commitment (management article 1998). Hence Pizza Hut has followed McDonalds strategy, in order to motivate staff and increase productivity so that profits are maximised. (Times 100 case study) Strategic and Business led Barham (et al: 1988) states they are two terms; Strategic Human resource Development (HRD), in which arises from the organisations vision about what its business should be; the abilities and potential of its people; and the options available within a given time period to help it grow and prosper Business-Led HRD is a response to the changing business needs of the organisation, thereby improving its capability to achieve its business goals Therefore, it can be established that the vision and strategy of Pizza Hut, according to Barham et al is (1988), is strategic and business led. For example the organisations vision statement indicates how they wish to be perceived by the members of the public, plus the potential and abilities of its employees and giving them opportunities to develop. Moreover the business is responding to the changing needs i.e. reducing staff turnover. Staff turnover is a business risk, Pizza Hut have identified the problem and minimized the ways in which it affects their restaurants through a structured staff management programme, in which this report will further investigate. Taking into account, that staff turnover has a negative impact on businesses in competitive market which Pizza Hut operates in. Especially when team members are key to its success and continuity because the level of hospitality service will determine the rate of repeat business, employee may leave if they are demotivated, by not being treated right by line managers for not being trained to cope with rush hour periods and may lose self confidence and ability. Consequently, retaining staff and treating them fairly has benefits for the business. Continuity and stability become part of Pizza Huts culture, and staff feel they belong to the organisation and take pride in their work. Skills and competencies are maintained in key business areas and productivity is often increased. On the whole Pizza Hut approach to learning and development is in line with CIPD (09) survey which, states 50% of organisations are integrating a leaning and development culture across organisation, i.e. Beliefs in people, coaching and support have become important principles to Pizza Hut. Training and development approaches Barham (et al 1988) identified three different training and development approaches which are the following: Fragmented approach where training is not linked to organisation goals, and also be perceived as a luxury or a waste of time Formalised approach -training is gradually being linked human resource needs Focused approach training is regarded as competitive weapon and is linked to organisation strategy and goals. In Pizza Hut, all new recruits joining the restaurant are sent on a initial induction programme, in which the company introduce new recruits to their job position, their team and the workplace and the organisational background i.e. business values. Secondly, it helps them establish positive relationships between the employees by building their commitment to its visions and goals i.e., Being the most loved restaurant brand and providing great service for customers. (Harrison 09:163). Furthermore, Pizza Hut emphasises the importance restaurant quality assurance system known as CHAMPS which is based on customer expectations of cleanliness, hospitality, accuracy, maintenance, product quality and speed of service. For instance McDonalds (times100 09) success is also built on the highest standards of quality, service and cleanliness delivered to customers in each of its restaurants. Therefore well trained employees at Pizza Hut are the first steps to achieving these standards in every single restaurant. In addition to, CHAMPS philosophy, the company will issue Full service restaurant team member workbook to record on going progress and achievement during on going training at Pizza Hut by using specifically designed questions aimed at testing the following areas. Menu knowledge -i.e. listing the toppings on BBQ deluxe pizza Salad station setting temperature, shelf life of certain goods when opened, how often certain items needs replenishing etc System cash handling how to cater for customer needs i.e. changing toppings on the server till. Procedures for processing credit card and cash transactions especially since each members are responsible for cash shortages. Health and Safety handling hazardous substances, sharp objects, eliminating obstruction in the restaurant floor. Operating machinery i.e. oven in a safe manner and so on. Other fast food restaurants, McDonalds are also using similar approach to Pizza Hut, all their new employees have an initial training period in which they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. Also similar to Pizza Hut strategy they will also attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness. (Times100) Following the induction, mentoring is carried out. In Pizza Hut employees go through a three hour on the job training and are partnered with a recognised expert trainer. Mentoring has been defined by Garvey (2008:8) as a process in which a person carries out a councillor and a friend to help support them in the workplace by familiarising with its customs and processes. The focus is centred on the individuals and raises business awareness like hospitality service, reducing speed etc. Harrison: 09:170 In addition to being assigned to a mentor, on the job training helps new employees gain experience and retain more knowledge and experience regarding the companies key competence areas i.e. storing order details on the server till. Also the initial on the job training partner is flexible and more informal based to reduce pressure and help encourage confidence in the new employees ability to perform. For the reason being 56% of learning training development professionals consider on the job training of front line employees as an effective way to become accustomed to the workplace. (People management 06:10 article) Lastly when the restaurant manager is satisfied with the progress, the employee will be assigned to an ongoing personal Host Training Workbook which is an educational material aimed to enhanced level of professional knowledge and broadening the restaurants awareness i.e. hospitality service in a fast moving environment. The training workbook introduces the following vital aspects of key competences: Communication skills importance of excellent communications skills for customer interaction as well with management and team members Interacting with all types of customers, generating a personal conversation with customers at the door Communications with other team members and management to ensure accurate wait times are quoted and ensure effective table turnover Keeping up to date with team room communications, awareness of CHAMPS and Customer Mania Knowledge informing customers of deals that are appropriate i.e. family deals and also being able to describe whole menu be able to manage queues using the restaurant utilisation tools using service recovery to customer issues at the door are effectively resolved or communicated to the deputy manage Attitudes/Behaviour Building rapport with customers Communicating effectively to establish customer needs Demonstration passion when explaining meal deals Prioritising effectively, getting most important task done first Being proactive when problems on shifts are identified (Harrison 09:163). (Internal Host training workbook 09) These are the key attributes restaurant managers look for in their employees, according to CIPD(09) survey indicate 79% employers value interpersonal and 74% regard communications skills as most important for recruitment. For that reason on going host training programme allows employees to acquire and develop these skills further i.e. product knowledge, experience in dealing with difficult customer etc. Especially since this is vital for the hospitality environment. In addition, all front line employees are not limited in scope since everyone gets the opportunity to progress further to management level, since 75% trainee managers start out as team members indicating a successful transition. Employees are selected by demonstrating great potential such as outstanding selling skills, commitment to CHAMPS plus recognition from other support managers, in order to be recommended for them to be selected management trainee programme. The management trainee program involves dedicated management training centers; this involves taking part in various workshops on subjects ranging from business management to leadership. (Pizza Hut 09 website) From the information given we can see that Pizza Hut have adopted a focused approach to training and development, as training is an ongoing process in the organisation and is a requirement for the organisations survival in a competitive and ever changing environment. The focused approach is also linked to individual needs as well as the organisations. Pizza Huts approach to training and development is also competitive as it operates in a demanding market and needs to provide a service to its customers which equals or surpasses its competitors level of service. This could help the organisation to gain the upper-hand in its market, by providing outstanding customer service and high quality products. Pizza Huts: organisation structure and culture Structure and culture of Pizza Hut restaurant will have implications for Human resource development, since they are closely linked. HRD determines the effective fits in provision in the organisation. According to Handy (1985) recognised four following, organisational structure culture models: The Pyramid often viewed as a stereotypical large bureaucracy organisation, in which the overall decisions are managed from the top layer. Secondly, the layers consist of a defined hierarchy of functions where the communication is based upon rules and procedures i.e. banking and insurance, hospitals etc. The net matrix involves individuals and resources bought together simultaneously due to a project to certain standards and time constraints. Individuals are flexible skilled and expert in their field. However teams are disbanded when the project is completed. I.e. construction firms, large consultancies etc. The galaxy consists of independent, highly qualified who pursue their own professional and career interest within a supporting infrastructure of resources and administration. Plus there is limited control of mechanism and management hierarchy i.e. lawyers, GP practices etc. The web and power these are known to exist in small entrepreneurial organisations and family businesses. Activities are relied on trust, empathy and personal communication. A group of people or senior individuals exercise power and influence. These organisations are highly competitive and survival is difficult due to economic influence in which employee who handle pressure thrive. Pizza Hut structure and culture fits in with Handy C (1985) The web structure and power culture. As pizza huts decisions are mainly undertaken at the top of the organization i.e. the head office instructs and gives feedback on the CHAMPS standard in the restaurant which directly reflects the front line employees service level, indicating the head office balance of power according to restaurant general manager (RGM) . In addition development is also related to training objectives, which benefit the business and the individual employees, for instance areas for improvement where staff can reduce the time for delivering meals to tables, interact with customers more often so that business CHAMP standards are satisfied and increase the customer repeat business in the process. Moreover the organisation moves very rapidly and change are dealt quickly i.e. new products in menu require employees to quickly adapt different techniques and learn promotions i.e. Christmas menus, learning to make s moothie drinks, using new coffee machine, preparing new desserts etc as soon as they are introduced. Secondly, the environment Pizza Hut operates is highly competitive i.e. Nandos, McDonalds etc as well being very sales based, because the head office sets weekly sales target, and if sales target are not met, this results reduction in working hours for front line employees (RGM 09). Therefore to ensure survival in the demanding market, employees rely on each other by working together to balance the workload i.e. communicating personally, building trust and delivering a service which will help increases customer satisfaction and reduce complaints, especially since the nature of the environment is fast driven. So that Pizza Hut Hayes can retain customers to increase their revenue in long term and ensure survival in difficult economic times. Handy, C (1985) Added Value and Horizontal integration Added value is to add to the organisations capability to achieve its goals for example producing results that enable Pizza Hut Hayes to react well to challenges and threats i.e. competitors , it is also over and above the cost of the initial investment of Leaning and development (LD) (Harrison, 2009:359) In Pizza Hut Hayes, the CHAMPS quality assurance systems is the driving tools towards the operations standards into the restaurant and help deliver the business added value. This is because the head office implemented policies are centered to meet customers requirements hence the long term vision to be the most loved and trusted restaurant brand in the UK, This is achieved by employees being trained to maintain salad bar products to quality standards, contributing to restaurant maintenance, consistently delivering and correct orders. Whereas, Customer Mania and How we win together (HWWT) philosophy coexist with the CHAMPS system. These are the attitude and behaviors used for delivering basic standards by employees, in order to deliver, a positive attitude in a fast moving fast food environment. For example by demonstrating commitment and taking accountability for understanding customer needs, collaborating with other colleagues to deliver the smooth running of the restaurant. Otherwi se service will lack consistency and business will not reach their strategic goals (Appendices 1 -USE PPD PRINTS) To measure the consistency and effectiveness Pizza Hayes employees competences and overall restaurant service, head office will use a mystery shopping programme that collects information against customer expectations using the CHAMPS criteria. In which the results of the survey are fed back to restaurant. So that RGM can use the feedback and compare Hayes against other West London Pizza Hut branches and take necessary actions to meet CHAMPS targets and add value by achieving its goals set by theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (Management today article) Horizontally integrated Performance Management In addition, value added is also linked to HR practices of Performance management of Pizza Hut Hayes, the business is horizontally integrated .For example CHAMPS, Customer Mania and HWWT criterions are integrated in all aspect of employee management and also identify what members of the restaurants are doing well and how they can improve to make sure the business succeeds. (Appendices) (Harrison 09:323) Ways in which this is done by: Induction all employees are made aware of performance requirements established in the framework i.e. Speed, Hospitality, Product quality etc Job related training the RGM will agree on the support required for the individual to achieve performance levels i.e. improve interaction with customers so they feel welcomed, taking additional responsibilities i.e. handling telephone orders for multi tasking, improving selling skills by up selling desserts and so on. Appraisal- feedback is given by the RGM on how employees perform to Pizza Hut CHAMPS and Customer Mania standards. Secondly both the RGM and employee agree on key targets to help improve development areas i.e. further opportunities for improvement. Personal development employees are consistently working towards the core competence framework, this helps employees expand performance i.e. speed of service, product quality, good hospitality service and creating good relations with customers and employee members. This helps the business and keeps employees committed and motivated. Recognition and rewards- all employees are recognised for their efforts for achieving CHAMPS standards, this because with mystery shopping programme individual employees are scored against the CHAMPS criterion and moreover RGM will use feedback from other senior members, and reward employees by giving them certificates, vouchers etc. Whereas customers have also traditionally rewarded employees by giving them tips for delivering excellent service in which the restaurant does not profit from. This is used as a personal motivation and incentive to follow the CHAMPS standards. This satisfies restaurant because customers will repeat business and employees will remain committed to the core competence framework. (Harrison 09:162) (Appendices) Overall, the policies adapted for performance management in the restaurant are identical to Rebecca Johnson (99) report where front line employees based in a hospitality industry i.e. hotels were given performance initiatives, such as being equipped take greater responsibilities similar to Customer Mania and CHAMPS competence and that feedback was measured through a tracking system, in order to determine whether employees performance is adding value to company and customers. This is because adding value helps Pizza Hut Hayes to be competitive and create loyal customer base and therefore performance management is carried out for individuals every six months. (RGM) Vertical integration Vertical integration involves integration LD strategy with business strategy at corporate and business unit levels and aiding performance managements, LD at operational and individual levels (Harrison 09:323). Since the focus of report is based on the operational level i.e. front line employees who are all provided with an expert workbook to record their progress and have individual targets. In which the head office, corporate level have adapted the policy of developing people capability. Moreover career planning for individual has been quite significant since 1998, 75% employees are internally promoted to management level. For example employees are supported and developed to their full potential by using programmes such as the Expert training programme, as well as the Developing Champions training programme for all levels of restaurant. This also highlights the successful nature training and development being continuous in the operation site Pizza Hut PDF (07) Recommendations: There are a number of recommendations which we have thought of that may benefit Pizza Hut. Firstly we considered most important was to offer internal promotions to staff, as this may help to reduce staff turnover on a whole. They should also have a more formal training program for their waiters to deal with the fast moving environment and they should also have team training exercises as it will help them perform better with a heavy workload. In addition they can improve further by asking customers what they want and what is important to them. We also recommend that there should be continuous development for the organisations strategic capabilities and the specific, personal capabilities of individuals and teams in order to add value.